With perhaps the exception of South Africa, it is difficult for students of African business to write an archivally based history of business without traveling internationally.

Johannesburg’s CBD

Decker’s post got me thinking about other topics, regions, and countries that are understudied by business historians. Many, but not all, of these countries are in the developing world. I suspect that if we were to do a bibliometric survey of business-historical literature and then compare it to, say, the populations of various countries, we would find that Britain and the United States have been reasonably well studied. (Obviously there is plenty of additional valuable work to be done. No country’s business history will ever be exhaustively researched). Africa, on the other hand, is clearly under-studied. I’m not certain how Canada would fit into this picture. Canada’s population is roughly half that of the UK but the number of historians of Canadian business in proportionately small. Canada lacks organizations similar to the UK’s Business Archives Council and the Association of Business Historians. [Recently a small organization of Canadian business historians was launched. It is a great initiative  but it is much smaller in scale than the ABH]. In the UK, substantial numbers of business historians are trained at the Universities of Glasgow and Reading. There aren’t equivalent programmes in Canada. As a result, there are just a handful of scholars working on Canadian business history.  The existing state of affairs is hard to justify, given that Canada is a rich country with lots of universities, lots of historians, and a great network of archives.

All of this raises the question of what business history is good for. Why is it important for a society to know about its economic past? How does Joe Taxpayer, the person who pays for all of this research, benefit from the study of business history?

Personally, I think that business history is very important. It can inform public policy, improve decision-making within firms, and advance our overall understanding of how societies have evolved. It is valuable in developed countries and is probably even more important in nations that are still in the process of developing their institutions.

Wiley reminds us that while the sensationalist media have focused on the arithmetical error in  RR’s Excel file, the main reason for the discrepancy between RR and HAP is a function of their different ways of calculating averages.

Wiley also reminds us that  ”Much of the reporting extended beyond the 2010 paper, leading readers to believe that HAP’s critique invalidates RR’s other work, including their 2009 bestseller, This Time is Different. An LA Times report, which was also picked up by RealClearPolitics, even claimed that RR “popularized” the 90% threshold in their book. In fact, the book did no such thing, nor did RR publish any similar results before 2010.”

Wiley also points out that the influence of RR over actual economic policy, while probably quite real, was also probably quite limited as well.  Austerity policies would probably have commanded majority support in national legislatures without the 2010 paper. At best, RR’s argument that a debt-to-GDP ratio of approximately 90% of GDP represented a sort of tipping point may have swung the vote of a few legislators. I made a similar point in an earlier blog post.

More fundamentally, HAP and RR agree that, in general, heavy public indebtedness is associated with reduced economic growth.  (See below).  They mainly disagree about whether debt’s impact on growth accelerates at around the 90% mark.  Neither side have really demonstrated causation or that high debt causes slow growth, or vice versa.

In this video, a left-wing US radio host named Mike Konczal discusses the controversy over the Carmen Reinhart – Kenneth Rogoff research.  This video certainly isn’t an academic podcast, but it may be useful in teaching as a way of kick-starting a classroom discussion.

The paper titles are:

“The Transitory Period in British International Business, 1950-1980: Evidence from the British Overseas Mining Sector” Kevin Tennent; Simon Mollan; Philip Garnett.

“Delayering the Workforce: HSBC in the 1960s” Andrew Smith

“British Merchants on the West Coast of South America in the Inter-War Period: Growth, Survival and Failure” Rory Miller

Here is the draft programme: 

The CEGBI/CSWL Summer Conference

The York Management School

13-14 June, 9.00 am to 6.00 pm

Programme

Thursday 13 June 2013

9.00 – 9.10 am Welcome from Teresa da Silva Lopes and Stephen Linstead

9.10-10.40 am Session 1 – Entrepreneurship and Marketing

Chair:

‘Social Entreprise as hybrid organisational forms: A Review and Research Questions’Bob Doherty, University of York

‘Immigrant Entrepreneurs on World Successful Brands’ Nur Suhaili Ramli, University of York

‘How is marking implemented in social work social enterprises and with what effect does this impact upon their sustainability’ Madeline Osborne, University of York

‘The Impact of Strategic Airlines Alliances on Brand Management Practices’ Dana Kakeesh, University of York

10.40 – 11.00 am Coffee Break

11.00 – 12.30 pm Session 2 – Crisis and Inertia

Chair:

‘Evaluation Marketing Strategies’ Doaa Amin Shohaieb, University of York

‘Suez Crisis 1956-57’ Neveen Abdelrehim, University of York

‘Why GAP has decreased its brand values: from a brand management perspective’ Susumu Harada, University of Hyogo, Japan, and University of York

‘Risk Management Strategies in High Risk International Environments’ Teresa da Silva Lopes, University of York and Mark Casson, University of Reading

12.30 – 1.30 pm Lunch

1.30 – 3.00 pm Session 3 – Humour in Organization

Chair:

‘Visualising humour: Exploring jokes in virtual and material organisational space’ Carolyn Hunter, University of York

‘The Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real – an Exploration of Zizek for Academia’ Lynne Baxter, University of York

‘Swarm Creativity and Relationship Marketing in Punk and Post-Punk: A Case Study of the Eruptörs’ Alex Gillett, University of York, and Gareth Dylan Smith, Institute of Contemporary Museum Performance

‘Laughter and Organization: An Initial Exploration’ Steve Linstead, University of York

3.00 – 3.30 pm Tea break

3.30 – 5.00 pm Session 4 – Management and Competitive Advantage

Chair:

‘The Blind Men and the Elephant – what did managers ever do for the railway?’ Nicola Forsdike, University of York

‘Managing Technological and Cultural Change at HSBC between 1945 and 1975’ Andrew Smith, Coventry University, and Bernardo Batiz-Lazo, Bangor University

‘Inter-firm networks as longitudinal determinants of corporate change: evidence from the British overseas mining industry’ Simon Mollan, University of Liverpool, Philip Garnett, Durham University

‘Management and Competitive advantage in the public transport industry – York Corporation Tramways c. 1909 – 1934’ Kevin Tennent, University of York

5.00 pm Drinks Reception

2

Friday 14 June 2013

9.00 – 10.30 am Session 5 – Social Roles and Identities

Chair:

‘Young men, family, and the breadwinner role: the place of work in the life course’ Sally Brown, University of Durham

‘It makes you make the time: An Ethnographic study of busy people on their allotments’ Abigail Schoneboom, University of York

‘Married women’s separate and joint savings bank accounts in the 19th century England’ Josephine Maltby, University of York

‘Women aiding the poor without almsgiving’ Josephine Maltby, University of York, Janette Rutterford, Open University

10.30 – 10.45 am Coffee Break

10.45 – 12.30 pm Session 6 – Capital Markets and Financial Services

Chair:

‘Day-of-the-Week Effect: Evidences from Dhaka Stock Exchange’ Moshfique Uddin, University of York

‘The analysis of social, political and economic influences on accounting changes to the Companies Act 1956 in India from 1947 to 1997’ Shraddha Verma, University of York

‘R&D Expenditure and Capital Market: Evidence from Bangladesh’ Ashraful Alam, University of York

‘Adaption of building societies in the United Kingdom to the introduction of competitveness in the financial services sector – the effect of securitasation and demutualisation on the composition of the board of directors’ Matthias Hambach, University of York

‘Hedge funds’ Dimitrios Stafylas, University of York

12.30 – 13.30 pm Lunch

3

1.30 – 3.00 pm Session 7 Political Economy and FDI

Chair:

‘The Evolution of an EU ‘institution’: Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)’ Simon Sweeney, University of York

‘Institutions and state building’

Seb Bytyci, University of York ‘The Role of Formal Institution and FDI in Innovation – Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Firms’

Yi Qu, University of York

‘The Role of Institutional Distances in Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions – Evidence from Emerging Economies Firms’ Yaoan Wu, University of York

3.00 – 3.30 pm Tea Break

3.30 – 5.00 pm Session 8 – Employee

Chair:

‘Re-thinking Employee Recognition: Understanding Employee Experiences of Recognition’ Charlotte Smith, University of York

‘Sectors or Countries? Typologies and Levels of Analysis in Comparative Industrial Relations’ Barbara Bechter, Bernd Brandl, University of York

‘Employee suggestions schemes’ Qin Zhou, University of York

‘Professionalisation of Medical Physics Experts in Europe: The Need for A Consistent and Positively Recognised Brand’ Alex Gillett, University of York

Now open for enrolment

Date: August 5 – August 16 2013

Summer School 2013, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

This summer the Utrecht University Summer School will offer the course History of Business Systems and Entrepreneurship in Europe.

This two-week course will examine business systems and various forms of entrepreneurship in Europe from a historical perspective. Also the global market and the increasing influence of non-European businesses will be examined.

Students will participate in seminars and will get lectures from academic professionals and senior managers from Dutch corporations.

There will be two excursions during the course.

Given the intensity and academic level of the course a good understanding of the English language is mandatory.

For further information please see:

History of Business Systems and Entrepreneurship in Europe 

Utrecht Summer School:

http://www.utrechtsummerschool.nl/

Or contact Maurits Rost.

Personally, I think that Keynes was exaggerating the impact of intellectuals on public policy here. However, he was right to suggest that ideas have consequences. Politicians certainly try to defend whatever policy they have already decided to implement by citing academic studies and cherry picking data points from the historical record. In some cases, they may actually be influenced by the teachings of academic economists and even economic historians.

For the last three years, austerity policies on both sides of the Atlantic have been justified by citing a 2010 economic history paper by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff that allegedly  demonstrated that debt loads over 90% of GDP were economically toxic. Now we find out the conclusions in the paper were due, in part, to an innocent but clumsy rounding error in Excel. See here.  Apparently, in doing their calculations, they made Excel cell L51 equal to AVERAGE(L30:L44) rather than AVERAGE(L30:L49), which accidentally meant that the strong post-1945 economic performance of such debt-laden countries as Canada, and Australia was not included in the average.

A new paper “Does High Public Debt Consistently Stifle Economic Growth? A Critique of Reinhart and Rogoff” by Thomas Herndon, Michael Ash, and Robert Pollin has exposed some of the problems with the 2010 paper. See here.

Here is the abstract:

“Herndon, Ash and Pollin replicate Reinhart and Rogoff and find that coding errors, selective exclusion of available data, and unconventional weighting of summary statistics lead to serious errors that inaccurately represent the relationship between public debt and GDP growth among 20 advanced economies in the post-war period. They find that when properly calculated, the average real GDP growth rate for countries carrying a public-debt-to-GDP ratio of over 90 percent is actually 2.2 percent, not -0:1 percent as published in Reinhart and Rogoff. That is, contrary to RR, average GDP growth at public debt/GDP ratios over 90 percent is not dramatically different than when debt/GDP ratios are lower. The authors also show how the relationship between public debt and GDP growth varies significantly by time period and country. Overall, the evidence we review contradicts Reinhart and Rogoff’s claim to have identified an important stylized fact, that public debt loads greater than 90 percent of GDP consistently reduce GDP growth.”

It remains to be see whether any of the policymakers who cited the 2010 paper will acknowledge that they were citing flawed research.

In recent years, the study of the British empire has increasingly been driven by a focus on networks. Scholars have devoted considerable attention to reconstructing and conceptualising the various ‘imperial networks’, circuits, and circulations of people, ideas, and (to a lesser extent) resources that permeated the empire. The network turn has coincided with broader anti-structuralist trends and a resultant diffusion of network theory, transnational approaches, and attention to the study of globalisation across the humanities and social sciences. The turn has generated many fruits, highlighting the complex interconnections throughout the empire (and among colonies as well as between colony and metropole). Yet while the necessity of the network concept is well established, doubts are surfacing as to its sufficiency as a mode of analysis:

• How and why do networks form and evolve?
• Are some places more densely connected than others and if so why?
• How do networks interact with institutions?
• Should an attention to connectivity be tempered through a consideration of disconnection and dislocation?

The symposium aims to facilitate more nuanced and contextualised understandings of the value and limitations of networked approaches. It will do so by bringing togetherspeakers to offer papers (and ample time allocated for discussion) reflecting on networked approaches to the history of global empire, drawing perspectives from their own research.

Jatinder Mann, ‘“Retaining migrant cultures”: Integration policy in Canada, 1950s-1960s’, North American Studies Seminar Series, St. Anthony’s College, Oxford, UK, 5-6.30pm, Monday 29 April, 2013
Location: Fellows’ Dining Room, Hilda Besse Building, St Antony’s College, Oxford.